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STORAGE CELL SUMMARY
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As the number of storage cell technologies makes them confusing, a summary table comes in handy to help keep them straight.

CARBON-ZINC (LECLANCHE) CELL:

anode: zinc cup
cathode: manganese dioxide in graphite powder
electrolyte: ammonium chloride & zinc chloride in water
cell voltage: 1.5 volts

Non-rechargeable, poor storage density, but very cheap.

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ALKALINE CELL:

anode: nickel-plated steel cup
cathode: manganese dioxide in graphite powder
electrolyte: potassium hydroxide in water
cell voltage: 1.5 volts

(Generally) non-rechargeable, storage density about twice that of the carbon-zinc cell, but several times more expensive.

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MERCURY BUTTON CELL:

anode: zinc
cathode: mercuric oxide
electrolyte: potassium hydroxide in paste
cell voltage: 1.35 volts

Non-rechargeable. A variation on this technology used cadmium instead of zinc and provided a cell voltage of 0.91 volts. The first button cell technology, now obsolete due to environmental concerns.

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ZINC-AIR BUTTON CELL:

anode: powdered zinc in gel
cathode: carbon disk exposed to air
electrolyte: potassium hydroxide layer
cell voltage: 1.65 volts

Non-rechargeable. Most popular current button cell technology, also some applications in larger cell formats.

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SILVER OXIDE BUTTON CELL:

anode: powdered zinc in gel
cathode: silver grid pasted with silver oxide
electrolyte: potassium hydroxide layer
cell voltage: 1.55 volts

Nonrechargeable.

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LEAD-ACID CELL:

anode: lead
cathode: lead oxide
electrolyte: sulfuric acid
cell voltage: 2 volts

The standard large capacity battery technology. Can be recharged hundreds of times and very cheap, but bulky and environmentally noxious.

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NICKEL-IRON (EDISON) CELL:

anode: iron
cathode: nickel oxide
electrolyte: potassium hydroxide
cell voltage: 1.15 volts

Heavy-duty rechargeable unit, used in some industrial applications.

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NICKEL-CADMIUM (NICAD) CELL:

anode: cadmium
cathode: nickel oxide
electrolyte: potassium hydroxide
cell voltage: 1.2 volts

The original rechargeable cell for portable gear, now used mostly in gear that needs high power levels on demand.

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NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE (NIMH) CELL:

anode: metal hydride
cathode: nickel oxide
electrolyte: potassium hydroxide solution in separator sheet
cell voltage: 1.2 volts

Greater capacity than nicads but more expensive.

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LITHIUM-MANGANESE DIOXIDE CELL:

anode: lithium foil
cathode: manganese dioxide
electrolyte: separator sheet impregnated with electrolytic salts
cell voltage: 3 volts

The most common non-rechargeable lithium cell.

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LITHIUM DISULFIDE CELL:

anode: lithium foil
cathode: iron disulfide with aluminum cathode contact
electrolyte: separator sheet impregnated with electrolytic salts
cell voltage: 1.5 volts

"Voltage compatible" lithium cell as direct replacement for carbon-zinc or alkaline cells.

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LITHIUM-ION CELL:

anode: inert carbon sheet
cathode: manganese dioxide
electrolyte: electrolyte separator sheet with lithium ions
cell voltage: 3.6 volts

Rechargeable lithium cell.

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